In our articles, we often say that prevention is always the best option. Of course, by no means we should isolate animals from real life. However, we must be alert for any strange symptoms so we can act accordingly and on time.

Feline papillomavirus is a perfect example of a disease that is not particularly serious. Therefore, we have the time to identify it and act on it. If we do not act, it might degenerate in something way worse.

What is it?

The papillomavirus is a rather contagious DNA virus, which however only affects members of a single species: concisely, the cat virus does not affect humans, just as that of man (or, better, of woman) does not affect cats. There are doubts that the bovine version can affect cats, but it is so difficult for a cat to come into contact with a cow, especially in urban areas, that we overlook this possibility.

The most frequent route of transmission, of course, is from cat to cat. The virus affects the skin, although it can sometimes lodge itself in the mouth, and fighting cats clearly pass it easily to their enemies when biting.

As a virus, it is not particularly aggressive, because usually the lesions it causes appear when the cat is affected by debilitating diseases on their own, such as FIV.

What does it do?

The action of the virus is to infect the skin cells and it does so by causing them to multiply and grow. The result is very similar to a tumour, but in fact, it is not, at least at the beginning, because the cell does not begin to multiply on its own, as it happens in a neoplasm, but the virus pushes the multiplication. However, it might happen that an untreated papilloma lesion can become a real neoplasm.

Owners can notice a small swelling. Nothing strange so far, it could simply be an insect bite. If it doesn't grow it could be a small skin malformation, nothing to worry about.

If we notice, however, that the swelling grows as if it were a small tree, with a "trunk" at the base and a crown at the top, it is advisable to consult a veterinarian. It grows slowly, so there is no need to take the cat to the clinic at four in the morning, but let's get prepared to bring it in as soon as possible (within 2/3 days).

Unfortunately, the only way to ascertain what the lesion is, is by histology. The vet will cut a piece of swelling from the skin, treat it and examine it under a microscope. It will take about a week to receive definitive answers.  If it is papilloma, at this point, we have various possibilities.

 How do we treat it?

Although the swelling does not create pain for the cat, at most a little discomfort, it must be removed both because it can become a neoplasm, as we said before, and because it can bleed and, in short, cause even intense pain to the cat.

There are various possibilities for therapy. You can try drugs, such as interferon which limits cell multiplication and thus prevents growth. You can try surgery; put the cat to sleep and remove the growth with a scalpel. In this case, we are particularly sure that the problem will reoccur after a while because the virus remains (it cannot be eliminated). The area will be stressed by the surgery so it is a favourable environment for the development of the virus.

Other alternatives are laser therapy and cryosurgery, i.e. cutting the infected part after having frozen it, so that everything is less irritating to the body and the situation does not reoccur (or at least it does it less frequently). However, it must be taken into account that these therapies are quite expensive and require several sessions.

Concisely, we have many options, and even if there were relapses, it is possible to intervene again and guarantee a normal life to the cat, given that there are no particular problems related to this disease.

The biggest mistake we can do is to let it grow without any specialized intervention by your vet. It can bring severe discomfort to the cat and turn into a neoplasm. It can open the way to far more infectious diseases.

 Gastric torsion is one of the most common diseases in dogs that must be treated very quickly. A combination of factors including the breed, the food we give to the dog influence the chances of getting one.

Breeders of purebred dogs know this pathology very well and when a person wants to buy the dog, they make sure to give advice to buyers or, in some cases, apply preventive measures. For those who are unfamiliar with the disease, it is important to know how to recognize the symptoms and know how to avoid it.

What is gastric torsion?

Gastric torsion is, as the name implies, the stomach turning on itself. The dog's stomach is a "sack" that has an entry tube, the esophagus, and an exit tube, the intestine. If you twist on itself, the two outlets twist and the gases that are produced (which are usually eliminated with belching or flatulence) remain inside, causing it to swell.

The first predisposing factor to the disease is the laxity of the ligaments: the stomach is held in place by "cords", which are the ligaments that hold it in place. If these strings are too long they tend to move a little too much. There might also be other predisposition factor for example the broad chest typical of some breeds such as the Great Dane and Saint Bernard. In this case, the stomach has a certain possibility of moving inside the abdomen.

Then there is the food: croquettes in this case are the most dangerous food because they are dry, rather heavy and stimulate thirst, which burdens the stomach even more. The last thing is jumping: if your dog starts to become active after a heavy meal, perhaps jumping, the stomach will be in constant motion and it will be very likely that it will rotate on itself.

What are the symptoms?

Initially the animal does not feel pain, but after about thirty minutes the swelling of the stomach (because the gases cannot be expelled) it will start to cause retching. However, they are "dry" retching, the dog will not vomit because the food is clearly "trapped" in the stomach.

The abdomen will swell more and more, and will also be visible from the outside: the dog will thus begin to fidget, and will try to stand up without success and with great fatigue; in fact, this situation causes blood circulation problems. We will see laboured breathing, very profuse salivation, very high heart rate until the mucous membranes of the mouth take on a bluish-white colour. In this case, the dog must immediately be taken to a veterinarian, preferably in a clinic, perhaps by calling when we leave home to be sure to have the operation room ready for our arrival. If we don't, our friend risks dying from cardiovascular collapse.

How is it treated and how is it prevented?

If your dog is already in the twisting phase, unfortunately there is little to do besides running to the vet. Only a surgeon will be able to solve the situation by physically opening the abdomen and returning the stomach to its original position, so that the gases can be expelled. From here on, there will be a need for a recovery therapy that will be indicated by the surgeon himself.

The owner’s role is certainly to prevent this thing from happening.

One solution is the preventive gastropexy. Your dog will have to be operated for therapeutic purposes: the stomach will be tied to the wall of the abdomen. The risk that it can rotate will be minimized.

If you do not want to, you can follow the simple "classic" rules. Do not give the dog a lot of food once a day, but divide it into 2-3 meals during the day;  preferably use moist or wet meals, which makes them drink less and are more digestible.

Finally, if the dog wants to play after eating, avoid enhancing their initiative. The meal stimulates sleepiness, and you will see that after a few minutes he will lie down and start sleeping.

With some simple precautions, we can in fact prevent one of the most risky diseases for our pet.

 Among the diseases that can affect a dog or a cat, the heat stroke is probably the most urgent. Death can occur in a very short time if we don’t act proptly.

It is important to know how to recognize the symptoms and know how to act immediately, even before taking the animal to the nearest veterinary clinic: 10-15 minutes of travel could be too much to reach the clinic.

What is heat stroke?

One of the functions necessary for animals is the regulation of body temperature. Vital organs only function in a certain range of temperatures, and each animal has its own methods of maintaining it: there are some like reptiles that "sunbathe", hibernating when it is cold so they do not lose heat and there are others , such as dogs or cats, which use the energy ingested with food.

When it is cold, the heat must be kept in the organism; when it is hot, it must be expelled. We do it with sweat. Cats and dogs don’t do this because they simply dont sweat.

If the heat expulsion mechanism stops working, it will accumulate in the body and be life-threatening.

Cats are generally less subjected because they are desert animals (felines in general) and control body heat better.

In any case, the expulsion of heat in pets takes place with the breath, with which warm humidity is released and the body temperature is lowered.

Because of some poisons that cause involuntary muscle contractions heat is generated. The typical situation are dog that remain tied up without water in the sun, or locked in the car in the sun in summer with the windows closed.

As long as the animal has moisture in its body that conveys the heat to be expelled, it will do so simply by breathing; then it will remain dehydrated, and so the heat will remain inside the organism, bringing the temperature up to 40º-41º.

Symptoms

The first thing we notice is certainly the laboured breathing, which is accompanied by abundant salivation; due to the lack of water, saliva is very thick. The mucous membranes of the tongue and gums are visibly red.

This will start a series of typical symptoms: the animal will no longer control its muscles, so we will see involuntary muscle contractions accompanied by diarrhoea, often with the presence of blood, due to the fact that control is also lost on the intestinal muscles. Vomiting, on the other hand, is rarer.

This will lead to the incoordination of movements and then to fainting, small movements in search of points sheltered from the sun, and in some cases even convulsions. If you don't act quickly, coma and death can ensue.

How to act to avoid heat strokes

Firstly, you need to see where the symptoms are: if you see a dog tied up in the sun that, however, behaves normally, provide a bowl of fresh water and try to track down the owner or contact the traffic police, who can bring it away without legal consequences with the owner. If a dog is locked in the car, you can theoretically break through the window (pursuant to article 54 of the penal code) but if you call the brigade, let them do it if the dog is still "awake".

When you have direct contact with the dog, if the state of heatstroke is advanced, first take him to the shade in a cooler place.

Provide water carefully: a little water at a time, because if they drink too much all together you risk suffocating. If you can get him to a vet quickly, the fluids will be given via a drip directly into a vein which is a safer way.

We must then spread water on the body in order to help the spread of heat on the outside, but here too we should also pay attention. We do not give ice or frozen water, because it would risk to "tighten" the vessels and less blood would flow through. The heat will be dissipated in the worse way possible.

If we have a fan available, let's aim it at the wet animal in order to favour its spread even more. If we have alcohol available, pour it into the points such as the neck and armpits where the blood vessels are more superficial, as it helps to dissipate heat.

When the animal begins to move again, or to "recover", let's take it immediately to a veterinary clinic. It would be a good idea to call as soon as we leave. If we call the clinic on time they will be able to prepare the room with all the precautions on time as soon as you get there. They will be able to immediately intervene without wasting any time, as well as helping you through the phone call on the spot when you are on your own.  

 There are many infectious diseases in dogs, some of which are milder, others more dangerous.

When we are dealing with a pathogen that is capable on its own of doing a lot of damage we must implement a strategy that allows us to defeat it.

When a disease is caused by many different  pathogens all together, things get complicated: an example of this situation is kennel cough.

What is that?

Kennel cough is a syndrome, because it manifests itself in very different ways and degrees of severity, and above all it is not caused by a single microorganism, but by many and very different ones.

Imagine being in a ring and having to face a boxing opponent - you would probably succeed. If instead you faced, a boxing opponent, one of karate, one of judo and one of Greco-Roman wrestling it would be complicated to win, even if these opponents are not great fighters individually.

Kennel cough is caused by a series of microorganisms that all affect the respiratory system. Among these we find the canine parainfluenza virus, the canine infectious laryngotracheitis virus, the infectious hepatitis virus (which also causes respiratory problems), but also bacteria such as pasteurelle, bordetella and pseudomonas. 

As we said, these pathogens are not very powerful, especially if the dogs is vaccinated, and normal veterinary therapies can defeat them all quite easily; the problem is that they damage only when there is overcrowding: hence the name of the disease, which often occurs in kennels.

Transmission occurs by air, via the particles expelled when dogs cough. It is difficult to eliminate it because while one dog may have already recovered, yet another is not and the second infects the first again, who will be coughing again. In this situation, it is difficult to completely eradicate the disease.

What does it do?

Essentially, kennel cough causes cough. Coughing can have many causes, but if many dogs, perhaps in a kennel or in a place where they live together (not the public park, dogs spend too little time there to contract this disease) have a dry cough, they most likely have contracted this syndrome.

Microorganisms in general damage the respiratory mucosa, and create irritation (hence the cough); it is a fairly intense nuisance, but there are hardly any complications as long as you try to keep the disease under control, even if some dogs may have a fever and feel a little worse than others.

How do we treat and prevent it?

As we said before, kennel cough is easily treatable by a veterinarian, and if one of these dogs were adopted, then separated from the others, a week of antibiotics would be enough to destroy the bacteria, improve the general condition of the dog and make him recover so that the body can also defeat viruses.

If we have many dogs (for example, a hunter) who spend many hours in a narrow and crowded place, the only remedy to cure this situation is to reduce overcrowding, even before starting veterinary therapy; otherwise, we would find ourselves in the same situation as we indicated earlier.

As for prevention, if you have only one dog, or two dogs, and you let them live at home, there are no problems: their immune status is too good to be able to contract this syndrome, even if for a couple of hours at day they play and spend time with a dog who is affected by it.

If, on the other hand, you find yourself in a situation where you have many dogs that stay together, try to get them out of the rooms where they sleep several hours a day. Try not to put more than 2 or 3 in the same room, so that the contacts between them are limited. New dogs should be kept in quarantine for a while to avoid the spread of the syndrome if they had it.

Kennel cough is not fatal, but it is decidedly an annoying situation for dogs and also for those around them, who often will not know where to turn their heads to try to eliminate this annoying syndrome.

 The spring season brings with it many beautiful things: flowers, green grass, a mild climate and longer days ... however some very annoying animals can also show up. These are fleas and ticks.

Both are parasites, animals that live at the expense of another animal; to be precise, they are skin parasites because unlike other parasites, they do not enter the body but they limit themselves to stay on the surface, obviously causing problems.

In this page, we try to understand what is the difference between fleas and ticks, therefore how we recognize them if they were present on the skin of our animal.

These parasites are not dangerous, but they can transmit many diseases. Prevention is essential and in case our dog or our cat has contracted them, a veterinary visit will be essential to identify the presence of this problem.

Fleas

You've probably never seen a flea, and you won't see any on your pet's fur either.

In fact, they are very fast animals, which run and jump (even if they do not fly), they move flat sideways, which feed on the blood they extract from the animal by piercing its skin. From animals or humans, without particular differences, because it can affect us too.

If we move the animal's fur to look for them, they will move or jump, which is why they are difficult to see. Fortunately, they leave traces of their passage, their feces. If we pay attention to the roots of the hair, especially if it is light, but even if it is black because they are in contrast with the white colour of the skin, we will see many black dots: those are the faces of the fleas. If faces are present we know for sure the animal will also be present on our dog.

If we identify this situation, it is better to go to a vet as soon as possible because fleas can cause allergy (but we would realize it immediately) or they can transmit Dypilidium caninum. It also affects the cat as well as the dog, and it is a dangerous tapeworm that lives in the intestine.

It is important to prevent them with the pesticide, which we will discuss later, because they can jump on the body of our animal even when it touches another animal that passes by.

Ticks

These very small animals live on grass and could also continue to live there without giving problems to other animals, except that, just like mosquitoes, they need blood to mature their eggs.

So they climb onto the animals' bodies, bite them on the skin and stay there, inflating until they become “balloons” more than half a centimetre long, greyish, which can be seen very well. They stay there for a few days and then detach on their own, but if in the meantime they have a microorganism inside that causes a disease, this will pass into the blood of the dog or cat. For this reason, they should be removed as soon as possible with the help of a vet if we do not know how to do it because we would risk leaving the mouth stuck in the skin, which would cause an infection.

In cats, they transmit few diseases, whilst in dogs Babesiosis, Erlichiosis and Rickettsiosis are all diseases transmitted by ticks, so a veterinary visit is important to be sure there are no problems after removing the tick.

Pesticides

The best method to prevent the problems we have just talked about is to use the pesticide, a product that can be found in any pet shop (it is not necessary to go to the pharmacy) and which is distributed on the back of the animal about once a month.

This product should also be given,  when fleas and ticks are not there: in fact, it is stinky (for them) and does not encourage them to get on our animal, so in fact it protects it from these parasites. We use the pesticide as prevention, not as a solution to the problem. 

Giving the pesticide when these animals are already there on our pet is completely useless; in these cases, a drug is needed that kills them, and which must be prescribed by the veterinarian.

So let's not forget to give the pesticide, even in the winter months. Fleas and ticks, in fact, survive even in that period of the year, and often do so in the form of microscopic larvae in our home, where it is hot. We must be careful not to forget this small but important habit.

 Dog and cat owners are well aware that diarrhea is a fairly common problem in their pets, especially in puppies. What can be the causes diarrhea and what are the remedies to treat it? Let's find out together.

What is diarrhea?

First, we need to clarify what exactly we mean by the term "diarrhea". First of all, it is not a disease, but a symptom of some disorders or pathologies that must be carefully evaluated in order to arrive at a precise diagnosis.

We speak of diarrhea when an animal emits stools of a different consistency than usual, from soft to watery, with a more or less significant increase in the frequency of defecation.

To be clear, the dog is used to going out three times a day, and usually tends to defecate only during one or two of these walks, in case of diarrhea the animal will feel a greater urge to go to the toilet multiple times a day. In the case of the cat, however, he may visit the litter box more frequently.

This is the general definition. There are also special cases, for example the emission of greenish stools or much darker than usual, with the presence of mucus or traces of blood.

Finally, we also need to understand how many times the discharges are repeated, since sometimes it can be an isolated episode.

Being able to collect all the necessary information on your pet's feces and on its behavior related to defecation provides the veterinarian with useful clues to arrive at a correct diagnosis

The causes of diarrhea

Diarrhea can be caused by a long list of factors. Let's see the main ones:

• Presence of intestinal parasites;
• Quick change of power supply;
• Weaning in the puppy and kitten;
• Unsuitable nutrition;
• Food allergies or intolerances;
• Ingestion of plants or irritating / toxic substances;
• Ingestion of bones;
• Bacterial infections such as salmonellosis;
• Viral infections;
• Inflammation of the intestine;
• Anxiety and stress;
• Bowel cancer.

A particular situation is that of the so-called nonspecific diarrhea, which occurs without an apparent reason or cause.

Normally the veterinarian tries to obtain a lot of information from the owner of the animal, in order to understand what could be the cause of the problem.

For example, the presence of very dark, almost black stools, with traces of dark blood may indicate the presence of serious internal bleeding, which urgently requires the intervention of the veterinarian.

On the contrary, traces of bright red blood can be caused by the rupture of small blood vessels in the area of ​​the rectum and anus, due to repeated irritation, or by the presence of sharp fragments that can cause small wounds.

Greenish feces, on the other hand, may indicate that the dog has eaten grass or that he has ingested some substance that may have irritated his intestines. In some cases, however, if the stool continues to turn green, it could be a liver problem.

By carefully observing dog and cat feces with a light, we will also be able to assess the presence of strange residues, for example hairballs, blades or stalks of grass.

Another fairly common situation, especially in puppies and animals that live outdoors, is the presence of thin and elongated formations or similar to grains of rice. In these cases, it is in most cases of intestinal parasites.

What to do

The first thing to do is to contact our veterinarian, especially if diarrhea is frequent.

In the case of sporadic diarrhea, we can ask our veterinarian if it is appropriate to let the animal take lactic ferments, which will help restore the intestines from irritant substances the animal might have ingested.

An excellent remedy is also the use of thickeners for stools, which are mainly available in the form of palatable pastes. Their function is to absorb excess water in the intestine, to make the stool more compact.

Both lactic ferments and thickeners can be used for sporadic episodes of diarrhea, or as a complement to specific therapies for more important problems.

In the case of parasites, the only treatment involves the administration of anthelmintic or deworming drugs, which kill and remove intestinal parasites. The veterinarian should always carry out the prescription of these remedies, after a careful examination of the stool.

In the presence of infections, however, it may be necessary to resort to antibiotics.

We never give our pets human drugs we have in our medicine cabinet. Lactic ferments, antispasmodics, antibiotics and drugs to stop diarrhea must be specific to the dog and cat and must always be prescribed by the veterinarian.

An excellent tip is to regulate the animal's diet. In the presence of food intolerances or allergies it will be necessary to administer a mono-protein or nutraceutical food.

In the case of the puppy, however, we are probably not weaning him in the right way. We ask our veterinarian for advice to understand which food among those specific for puppies and kittens might be more suitable or if it is too early to proceed with weaning.

Avoid offering the dog milk or boiled rice, which could intensify the episodes of diarrhea. Rather, in order not to overload the intestine which is irritated, we can opt for a specific food for diarrhea and gastrointestinal disorders.